STRUCTURAL MEMBRANES 2025

The Effect of Slits and Notches in Fabric Specimens under Biaxial Tension

  • Boljen, Matthias (Fraunhofer EMI)
  • Kölble, Florian (Fraunhofer EMI)
  • Harwick, Wilfried (Fraunhofer EMI)
  • Taylor, Richard (Ove Arup & Partners International Ltd.)

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During airbag deployment and occupant interaction, airbag woven fabrics are ideally subjected to biaxial tension. Explicit finite element solvers capture the material behaviour of woven fabrics by modelling two unidirectional layers of fibers exhibiting nonlinear stress-strain behaviour given by tabular input data that, additionally, may depend on either strain rate, temperature or transversal strain. For model calibration, fabric materials are subjected to biaxial tension and therefore are loaded and unloaded in several subsequent loading cycles. Different sample geometries have evolved over time, since biaxial tensile testing of woven fabrics is not straight-forward, predominantly due to the constrained transversal contraction and the risk of introducing defects by the mounting clamps. In this study, different sample geometries of an airbag fabric are analyzed with respect to their dependency on the ultimate failure limit. A simple quadratic sample geometry is selected as a reference. Special focus is put on the integration of slits, the size of notch radii and the transversal in-plane degree of freedom that is usually constrained by the clamps. Simulation results confirm that the transition from quadratic to cruciform-shaped geometries significantly reduces undesired stress concentrations near the corners, whereas the integration of parallel slits in the legs of cruciform-shaped specimens positively impact the triaxiality and the homogeneity of the stress distribution. Experimental results are compared to numerical simulations and discussed with respect to recommendations found in literature.